====== Javascript ======

===== Template literals =====

Template literals are syntaxed ''${...}''

In JavaScript, strings can be written in three ways:

<code javascript>
'string'        // single quotes
"string"        // double quotes
`string`        // backticks → template literal
</code>

Only template literals (backticks) support interpolation using: ''${expression}''

Inside ''${...}'', you can put any valid JavaScript expression:
  * variables
  * function calls
  * arithmetic
  * ternaries
  * property access

=== Examples ===

<code javascript>
const name = 'Alex';
`Hello ${name}!`;
</code>

This produces:

<code text>
Hello Alex!
</code>

Template literals can be very useful to replace long lists of 'string' + var + 'string' + var ...

<code javascript>
'Tag: ' + tag_autospawn + ' - Spawned car ' + suffix
</code>

This works, but:

  * It’s visually noisy
  * Easy to miss a space
  * Harder to refactor
  * Encourages line-breaking when long

The template literal equivalent is:

<code javascript>
`Tag: ${tag_autospawn} - Spawned car ${suffix}`
</code>

Same result, much clearer structure.

A template literal is:

  * One string
  * With embedded expressions
  * Much easier to keep visually compact

So this: '''foo ' + a + ' bar ' + b + ' baz ' + c''

Becomes: ''`foo ${a} bar ${b} baz ${c}`''

==== Not limited to variables ====

Inside ''${}'', you can do more:

<code javascript>
`UV: ${car_uv.toFixed(2)}`

`State: ${isActive ? 'ON' : 'OFF'}`

`Next index: ${pointer + 1}`
</code>

This is real code, not just substitution.

==== Runtime behavior (important) ====

Template literals:

  * Are evaluated at runtime
  * Produce a normal string
  * Have no performance penalty compared to concatenation in modern JS engines
  * Are fully supported in ES6+ (basically everything now)

So: '''Hello ' + name''

and: ''`Hello ${name}`''

Compile down to equivalent bytecode in modern engines.

==== Multiline strings (bonus) ====

Template literals also preserve newlines exactly as written:

<code javascript>
`Line 1
Line 2
Line 3`
</code>

This is extremely useful for logs, SQL, shaders, etc.

==== Common pitfalls to be aware of ====

Template literals use **backticks**, not **quotes**

''${}'' is not jQuery or shell syntax — it’s JS-only

Don’t confuse ''${}'' with ''$(...)'' (shell / jQuery)

==== TL;DR ====

  * ''${...}'' is **expression interpolation inside template literals**
  * It replaces string concatenation cleanly
  * It improves readability and formatter behavior
  * It’s safe, modern, and efficient
  * It’s the idiomatic way to build strings in modern JS