Differences

This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.

--- linux:start [2021/02/10 12:49] – [Debug & Logs] mh
+++ linux:start [2026/07/02 21:26] (current) – [File operations] mh
@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 ====== Linux ======
-  -[[linux:RBS|Razer Blade Stealth in Linux]]
+  -**[[linux:bash|Bash]]**
-  -[[linux:lampp|LAMPP local server]]
+  -**[[linux:git|Git basics]]**
-  -[[linux:git|Git basics]]
+  -**[[linux:eGPU|Razer Core eGPU]]**
-  -[[linux:bash|Bash]]
+  -**[[linux:RBS|Razer Blade Stealth in Linux]]**
-  -[[linux:sed|sed]]
-===== PATH =====
+====== System & Diagnostics ======
-<WRAP round info>
-PATH is the //environment variable// containing a set of directories that should be searched for programs
-</WRAP>
-<code bash>
-#print user PATH
-$ printenv PATH
-/bin:/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin
-$ echo "$PATH"
-/bin:/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin
-#How it works
+===== Logs =====
-$ ping 127.0.0.1
-    PATH=/bin:/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin
+Common system logs:
-           │     │
-           │     ╰──▶ /sbin/ping ?  found!
-           ╰──▶ /bin/ping ?  not found.
-#Add a folder to path for current shell session
+<code>
-$ PATH=$PATH:/path/to/app/folder
+/var/log/syslog
 </code>
-==== Local installs of binaries and PATH correction ====
+View recent entries:
-=== Install the binary ===
+<code bash>
+tail -f /var/log/syslog
+</code>
-There is debate as to where binaries that you install yourself should be put in the filesystem. The proper places to put them seem to be :
+List recently modified log files:
-<code>
+<code bash>
-/opt/ <- for bundled applications, typically grabbed from a software developper
+ls -lt /var/log
-/usr/local/ <- for applications built by the administrator for local use, i.e. using "make" or other
-/home/USER/opt/ <- for single-user use only
 </code>
-[[http://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/fhs.shtml|FHS Reference]]
-=== Add it to the user's PATH ===
-Include the following line in /home/USER/.profile :
+<WRAP info>
+**Notes:**
+  * ''tail -f'' follows logs in real time
+  * On systemd systems, ''journalctl'' is often preferred
+</WRAP>
+===== System information =====
+=== General overview: ===
 <code bash>
-EXPORT PATH="/path/to/bin/folder:$PATH"
+inxi -F
 </code>
-This will only be active **after logging out**. If you want to activate it without logging out for a current shell session run the following command :
+=== Distribution: ===
 <code bash>
-$ source /home/USER/.profile
+lsb_release -d
 </code>
-//Note that the path must point to the **folder containing** the binary and not to the binary itself.//
+=== Kernel: ===
+<code bash>
+uname -snrm
+</code>
+Flags:
+  *''s'': kernel name
+  *''n'': network node hostname
+  *''r'': kernel relase number
+  *''m'': machine hardware name
-=== Add it to cinnammon start menu ===
-Cinnammon has implemented a handy GUI Editor you can access by right-clicking the 'Menu' icon and selecting 'configure'. You can also launch :
+=== CPU: ===
 <code bash>
-$ cinnamon-menu-editor
+lscpu
+cat /proc/cpuinfo
 </code>
-Using bash you can create a symbolic link to a .desktop file anywhere on your system and place that link in /usr/share/applications
+=== Memory: ===
 <code bash>
-$ ln -s path/to/target/file.desktop LINK_NAME
+free -h
 </code>
-Make sure the .desktop file has proper permissions :
+=== Mounted filesystems: ===
 <code bash>
-$ chmod 644 path/to/file.desktop
+df -h
 </code>
-The menu entry will appear after logging out.
+=== Kernel modules: ===
-=== Locate a binary ===
+<code bash>
+lsmod
+</code>
+=== Bash history: ===
 <code bash>
-$ type man
+history
-man is /usr/bin/man
 </code>
 ----
-===== AppImages =====
+===== Diagnostics =====
-Extract the content of an AppImage :
+<code bash>
+uptime              # load average
+dmesg -T | tail     # recent kernel messages
+vmstat 1            # system performance
+mpstat -P ALL 1     # CPU usage per core
+pidstat             # process statistics
+free -h             # memory usage
+</code>
-./your.AppImage --appimage-extract
-This is useful if you want to get the Icon.
+====== Storage & Filesystems ======
-[[https://github.com/AppImage/AppImageKit/releases|Link to AppImage Daemon]] //This Daemon scans well known places for appimages and creates menu entries and extracts icons//
+===== Mounting =====
-----
-===== Grub =====
+=== List mounts: ===
-Config file is located at ''/etc/default/grub''
+<code bash>
+findmnt
+</code>
-The line for a splash image is ''GRUB_BACKGROUND=/path/to/image.jpg''
+=== List disks: ===
+<code bash>
+lsblk
+</code>
+=== Mount: ===
+<code bash>
+sudo mkdir -p /media/DRIVE
+sudo mount /dev/sdX# /media/DRIVE
+</code>
+=== Unmount: ===
+<code bash>
+sudo umount /media/DRIVE
+</code>
 ----
-===== Limit CPU usage =====
-There are various ways to limit the CPU usage of a process. One simple way is using ''cpulimit''
+==== Samba ====
+Manage service:
 <code bash>
-$ cpulimit -P /path/to/executable -l %CPU (e.g. 40) -b (background)
+sudo systemctl start smbd
+sudo systemctl stop smbd
+sudo systemctl restart smbd
 </code>
-[[https://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/limit-cpu-usage-processes-linux/|Ressource site]]
 ----
-===== Fonts install (bash) =====
-To quickly install folders containing many OpenType fonts (OTF) or TrueType fonts (TTF), copy to the following locations :
+===== Mount/Repair NTFS =====
+If an NTFS volume mounts as read-only, it is usually due to an unclean shutdown or filesystem inconsistency.
+Attempt repair:
 <code bash>
-$ sudo cp -r /path/to/OTF-folder /usr/share/fonts/opentype/
+sudo ntfsfix /dev/sdX#
-$ sudo cp -r /path/to/TTF-folder /usr/share/fonts/truetype/
 </code>
-Regenerate font cache :
+Then remount:
 <code bash>
-$ sudo fc-cache -f -v
+sudo mount -t ntfs3 /dev/sdX# /mnt/ntfs
 </code>
-**Note :** This will install fonts system-wide. To install for a single user only copy the files to :
+Create mount point if needed:
-<code>
+<code bash>
-~/.fonts/
+sudo mkdir -p /mnt/ntfs
 </code>
-and regenerate font cache.
+<WRAP info>
+**Notes:**
-===== Manipulate pdf =====
+  * ''ntfsfix'' performs basic repairs and clears the "dirty" flag
+  * Full repair should be done from Windows using ''chkdsk''
+  * If the issue persists, ensure Windows Fast Startup is disabled
+</WRAP>
-==== Modifying page order ====
+===== Repair FAT32 filesystem errors =====
-Use (<del>pdftk (ubuntu) </del> -> deprecated) or pdf-stapler (fedora) :
+If a FAT32 filesystem mounts as read-only, it is often due to detected corruption.
+Check kernel logs:
-//For example to extract two pages out of a pdf//
 <code bash>
-$ pdf-stapler cat in.pdf 2-3 out.pdf
+dmesg
 </code>
-Old syntax with pdftk : <del>$ pdftk in.pdf cat 3-4 output out.pdf</del>
-=== Ubuntu and derivatives ===
+Typical errors:
-pdfshuffler is a front end for python-pyPdf and a great tool for merging or splitting pdf files with a GUI.
+<code bash>
+FAT-fs (sdb1): error, corrupted directory (invalid entries)
+FAT-fs (sdb1): Filesystem has been set read-only
+FAT-fs (sdb1): error, invalid access to FAT
+</code>
-==== Reducing PDF size ====
+Repair the filesystem:
-Found from [[https://askubuntu.com/questions/113544/how-can-i-reduce-the-file-size-of-a-scanned-pdf-file|
-this answer]] on AskUbuntu :
 <code bash>
-gs -sDEVICE=pdfwrite -dCompatibilityLevel=1.4 -dPDFSETTINGS=/screen -dNOPAUSE -dQUIET -dBATCH -sOutputFile=output.pdf input.pdf
+sudo umount /dev/sdX#
+sudo fsck.vfat -a -w /dev/sdX#
 </code>
-''-dPDFSETTINGS'' can be the following :
+  * ''-a'' automatically repair filesystem
+  * ''-w'' write changes to disk
-  *''/screen'' lower quality, smaller size. (72 dpi)
+Note: Ensure the correct device is targeted before running ''fsck''.
-  *''/ebook'' for better quality, but slightly larger pdfs. (150 dpi)
-  *''/prepress'' output similar to Acrobat Distiller "Prepress Optimized" setting (300 dpi)
-  *''/printer'' selects output similar to the Acrobat Distiller "Print Optimized" setting (300 dpi)
-  *''/default'' selects output intended to be useful across a wide variety of uses, possibly at the expense of a larger output file
+====== File & Data Operations ======
+===== Shell toolbox =====
+==== File operations ====
-===== Repair FAT32 FS errors =====
+=== Mass renaming ===
-When FAT32 filesystems mount in read-only it's often related to corrupted filesystem.
+__**Changing an extension:**__
-Run **dmesg** to check. If you see lines such as :
+<code bash>
+for i in *.JPG; do mv "$i" "${i/.JPG/.jpg}"; done
+</code>
+__**Changing a prefix:**__
 <code bash>
-[54259.098330] FAT-fs (sdb1): error, corrupted directory (invalid entries)
+for i in "prefix"*.png; do
-[54259.098338] FAT-fs (sdb1): Filesystem has been set read-only
+  mv -n -- "$i" "${i/#prefix/another prefix}"
-[54304.610623] FAT-fs (sdb1): error, corrupted directory (invalid entries)
+done
-[54304.690012] FAT-fs (sdb1): error, invalid access to FAT (entry 0xf7d0f91e)
-[54304.690213] FAT-fs (sdb1): error, invalid access to FAT (entry 0xff27ff23)
-[54304.690314] FAT-fs (sdb1): error, invalid access to FAT (entry 0xff0dff13)
 </code>
-Run the following command :
+  * ''"prefix"*.png'' targets only files beginning with the selected prefix, so unrelated files in the folder are ignored.
+  * ''${i/#prefix/another prefix}'' replaces only the prefix at the beginning of the filename. If the same text appears later in the filename, it is left untouched.
+  * In Bash parameter expansion, the ''#'' before ''prefix'' means “match only at the start of the variable value”. Without ''#'', Bash would replace the first matching occurrence anywhere in the filename.
+  * ''mv -n'' prevents overwriting an existing file if the renamed target already exists.
+  * ''--'' tells ''mv'' that everything after it is a filename, not an option. This protects against unusual filenames starting with ''-''.
+  * ''"$i"'' keeps the original filename safely quoted, so spaces and special characters in filenames are preserved.
+__**Alternative (rename tool):**__
 <code bash>
-$ sudo umount /dev/sdX#
+rename 's/\.JPG$/.jpg/' *.JPG
-$ sudo fsck.msdos -aw /dev/sdX#
 </code>
-//[[https://serverfault.com/questions/331779/how-do-i-debug-this-fs-error-on-a-flash-device?newreg=6fb41732994749cc8d802f6233af86ea|Stack Exchange thread on the subject]]//
+  * Use the ''for ... done'' + ''mv -n --'' loop for safe, explicit prefix renaming.
+  * Use ''rename'' for concise regex-based changes, especially extension changes such as ''.JPG'' to ''.jpg''.
+  * On Linux Mint / Ubuntu, ''rename 's/\.JPG$/.jpg/' *.JPG'' usually works because the available ''rename'' is the Perl-style tool.
+  * The ''rename'' command is not fully portable across all Linux distributions, because different systems may ship different versions with different syntax.
+  * For safety, preview first with ''rename -n 's/\.JPG$/.jpg/' *.JPG''.
-===== Data Recovery =====
+----
-Try [[https://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/TestDisk_Download|Test Disk & PhotoRec]] written by Christophe Grenier
-=== For .mov ===
+=== Empty a file ===
-//PhotoRec 7.1-WIP//
-In FileOptsMenu check :
+<code bash>
-<code>
+: > /path/to/file
-[X] mov/mdat Recover mdat atom as a separate file
 </code>
-Two files are created for every .mov recovered. Concatenate with :
-<code>
+----
-cat f123_ftyp.mov f456_mdat.mov > 1.mov
-cat f456_mdat.mov f123_ftyp.mov > 2.mov
+==== Text processing ====
+=== cut ===
+Extract part of a string:
+<code bash>
+date | cut -c17-24
 </code>
-One of the two files will be good. Sometimes one file is .mp4 and the other is .mov :
-<code>
+----
-cat f54114560.mp4 f51781632_mdat.mov > 1.mov
+==== Archives ====
+=== tar ===
+<code bash>
+# Extract
+tar -xvf file.tar
+tar -xvzf file.tar.gz
+# Create
+tar -cvf file.tar /path/folder
+tar -cvzf file.tar.gz /path/folder
 </code>
+Flags:
+  * ''c'' create archive
+  * ''x'' extract archive
+  * ''v'' verbose (list files processed)
+  * ''f'' specify archive file
+  * ''z'' gzip compression
-===== Mount NTFS =====
+----
-If a NTFS volume mounts in read-only, remount using :
+====== User Environment ======
+===== PATH =====
+<WRAP round info>
+PATH is the //environment variable// containing a list of directories searched for executables.
+</WRAP>
 <code bash>
-$ su
+# Print PATH
-$ mkdir /mnt/ntfs
+printenv PATH
-$ mount -t ntfs /dev/sd[X] /mnt/ntfs
+echo "$PATH"
-</code>
+# Example resolution
+ping 127.0.0.1
-===== mplayer =====
+PATH=/bin:/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin
+       │     │
+       │     └── /sbin/ping ? found
+       └── /bin/ping ? not found
-==== Configuration Files ====
+# Add a folder to PATH (current session only)
-=== Global ===
+PATH=$PATH:/path/to/app/folder
+</code>
-  */etc/mplayer/mplayer.conf
+==== Local installs of binaries and PATH ====
-=== Local ===
+=== Install locations ===
-  *~/.mplayer/config
+Common locations for manually installed binaries:
-  *~/.mplayer/input.conf
-  *~/.mplayer/menu.conf
-==== Common Options ====
 <code>
-fs=yes #enable fullscreen
+/opt/                 # bundled applications
-noborder=yes
+/usr/local/bin/      # system-wide manual installs
-ontop=yes
+~/.local/bin/        # user-only installs (recommended)
-geometry=+3200
+/home/USER/opt/      # alternative user-only location
-osdlevel=0
 </code>
-===== Using Apple USB SuperDrive =====
-=== Required packages ===
+[[http://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/fhs.shtml|FHS Reference]]
-<code>
-sg3-utils
+=== Add to PATH ===
+Add to ''~/.profile'' or ''~/.bashrc'':
+<code bash>
+export PATH="/path/to/bin:$PATH"
 </code>
-=== Find USB Drive ===
+Apply without logout:
-(usually sr0 or sr1)
 <code bash>
-$ ls /dev | grep 'dvd'
+source ~/.profile
 </code>
-=== Send activation byte sequence ===
+Note: PATH must point to the **directory**, not the binary itself.
-(change sr0 accordingly if needed)
+=== Locate a binary ===
 <code bash>
-$ sg_raw /dev/sr0 EA 00 00 00 00 00 01
+type man
+# man is /usr/bin/man
 </code>
-===== QCAD Tutorial removal =====
+----
-This is not specifically linux-related but since every time I install it (especially on MacOS systems) it's such a pain to find the plugins/ folder from where to remove the plugins blocking the trial version of QCAD here's an easy way to find them :
+===== AppImages =====
-Go to Help > About > Plugins and just click on the name of one of the plugins.
+Run an AppImage:
-In MacOS it will be QCAD > About > Plugins instead.
+<code bash>
+chmod +x example.AppImage
+./example.AppImage
+</code>
-===== LAMPP Local Server =====
+Some support automatic install:
-Start stop the server using :
+<code bash>
-<code>
+./example.AppImage --install
-sudo /opt/lampp/lampp start/stop
 </code>
-Put your sites and data in :
+Manual extraction:
-<code>
-/opt/lampp/htdocs/example_site
+<code bash>
+./your.AppImage --appimage-extract
 </code>
-===== Fixes =====
+=== Tools ===
+  * AppImageLauncher → integrates AppImages into the system (recommended)
+  * AppImage Daemon → older alternative
+==== Add application to Cinnamon menu ====
+Launch menu editor:
+<code bash>
+cinnamon-menu-editor
+</code>
+=== Manual method ===
+User-level entries:
-==== Wired network doesn't work after suspend (does not work) ====
-Identify your wired interface card module. Realtek 8169 is known to have this issue with some kernels.
 <code>
-$ lsmod
+~/.local/share/applications/
 </code>
-Look for :
+Place or create a ''.desktop'' file in this directory.
+Example minimal file:
 <code>
-....
+[Desktop Entry]
-hid                   118784  2 usbhid,hid_generic
+Name=My App
-ahci                   36864  4
+Exec=/path/to/executable
-r8169                  86016  0
+Type=Application
-libahci                32768  1 ahci
+Terminal=false
-mii                    16384  1 r8169
-...
 </code>
-Edit (create if it doesn't exist) the file :
+The entry should appear automatically in the menu.
+<WRAP info>
+**Note:** Avoid using ''/usr/share/applications/'' unless a system-wide install is required.
+</WRAP>
+----
+===== GRUB =====
+Config file:
 <code>
-$nano /etc/pm/config.d/unload_modules
+/etc/default/grub
 </code>
-Append the following line :
+Line for background image:
 <code>
-SUSPEND_MODULES="$SUSPEND_MODULES r8169"
+GRUB_BACKGROUND=/path/to/image.jpg
 </code>
-Replace module name if necessary
-//Note to self : Added "mii" module to the list, the fix didn't seem to hold after reboot. Mii seems to be using r8169 and is network-monitoring-related//
+----
-===== Linux Screencast tools =====
+===== Limit CPU usage =====
-  ***Kazam :** only one tried at the moment, produces OK files and you can select a specific region you want to capture
+Using ''cpulimit'':
-  *gtk-recordmydesktop
-  *vokoscreen
-  *simplescreenrecorder
-    *add-apt-repository ppa:maarten-baert/simplescreenrecorder
-===== Open VPN =====
+<code bash>
+cpulimit -P /path/to/executable -l 40 -b
+</code>
-=== Connecting a client to a remote server ===
+----
-//This requires a valid .ovpn file//
+===== Fonts install =====
-<code>
+System-wide:
-openvpn --config /path/to/file.ovpn
+<code bash>
+sudo cp -r /path/to/fonts /usr/share/fonts/
+sudo fc-cache -f -v
 </code>
-[[https://www.linux.com/training-tutorials/configure-linux-clients-connect-openvpn-server/|Linux.com OpenVPN connection tutorial]]
+User-only:
-=== Connecting to shared folders through openvpn ===
+<code>
-//This requires the ip of the shared folders location//
+~/.local/share/fonts/
+</code>
-===== Samba tips =====
+Then refresh cache:
-=== List available shares on a given host ===
-Replace host with the hostname or IP address of the server running samba shares
 <code bash>
-$ smbclient -L host
+$ sudo fc-cache -f -v
 </code>
-Output will be something like this
+----
-<code>
-	Sharename       Type      Comment
-	---------       ----      -------
-	home            Disk
-	shares          Disk
-	users           Disk
-	IPC$            IPC       IPC Service ()
-Reconnecting with SMB1 for workgroup listing.
+===== PDF manipulation =====
-	Server               Comment
+==== Reorder / split / merge ====
-	---------            -------
-	Workgroup            Master
+CLI:
-	---------            -------
-	MY_WORK              CODE-CA04
+<code bash>
+pdf-stapler cat in.pdf 2-3 out.pdf
 </code>
-[[https://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/SMB-HOWTO-8.html|More ressources here]]
+GUI (recommended):
-=== Locate mount points ===
+  * pdfarranger → lightweight, modern, actively maintained
+==== Reducing PDF size ====
-Most of the time they are located at ''/run/user/##ID##/gvfs''
-===== Alias =====
-Create an alias using command
 <code bash>
-alias name='command'
+gs -sDEVICE=pdfwrite -dCompatibilityLevel=1.4 -dPDFSETTINGS=/ebook -dNOPAUSE -dQUIET -dBATCH -sOutputFile=output.pdf input.pdf
 </code>
-The alias is only in place while the user session is active. To make it permanent, write it in the ''.bashrc'' file in the home directory of the user. ([[http://www.linfo.org/alias.html|more info]])
-You can reload the .bashrc file using :
+''-dPDFSETTINGS'' presets:
+  * ''/screen'' low-resolution output, smallest file, lowest quality
+  * ''/ebook'' medium-resolution output, good size/quality compromise
+  * ''/printer'' print-oriented output, larger file, higher quality
+  * ''/prepress'' prepress-oriented output, larger file, higher quality
+  * ''/default'' general-purpose output, can produce larger files
+<WRAP info>
+**Note:** Ghostscript rewrites the PDF.
+It often reduces file size, especially with image-heavy PDFs, but this is not guaranteed.
+</WRAP>
+===== Video playback (minimal UI) =====
+==== mpv (recommended) ====
+Lightweight video player with minimal UI, suitable for clean output on external displays.
+Example:
 <code bash>
-$ source ~/.bashrc
+mpv --fs --no-border --ontop --geometry=+3200 --osd-level=0 video.mp4
-#or
-$ . ~/.bashrc
 </code>
-===== Useful shell =====
-=== Mass renaming files ===
+Common options:
-[[https://debian-administration.org/article/150/Easily_renaming_multiple_files.|Debian Admin guide to mass renaming]]
+<code>
-You can use for commands in the shell or use the 'rename' tool (written in perl). For example :
+--fs            # fullscreen
+--no-border     # remove window decorations
+--ontop         # keep window above others
+--geometry=+X+Y # window position (multi-display setups)
+--osd-level=0   # disable on-screen display
+</code>
-<code bash>
+Configuration file:
-skx@lappy:~$ ls
-a.JPG  b.JPG  c.JPG  d.JPG
+<code>
-skx@lappy:~$ for i in *.JPG; do mv "$i" "${i/.JPG}"; done
+~/.config/mpv/mpv.conf
-skx@lappy:~$ ls
-a.jpg  b.jpg  c.jpg  d.jpg
 </code>
 ----
-=== cut ===
+==== mplayer (legacy) ====
-Remove sections from input and output them
+Legacy setup kept for reference.
+Configuration files:
+  */etc/mplayer/mplayer.conf
+  *~/.mplayer/config
+  *~/.mplayer/input.conf
+  *~/.mplayer/menu.conf
+Example options:
+<code>
+fs=yes
+noborder=yes
+ontop=yes
+geometry=+3200
+osdlevel=0
+</code>
+====== Specialized & Recovery ======
+===== Data recovery =====
+Use **TestDisk** / **PhotoRec** as a first recovery tool.
+  * **TestDisk** attempts partition repair and file undelete when filesystem metadata is still usable.
+  * **PhotoRec** performs file carving by signature. It can recover files from damaged filesystems, but filenames and folder structure are usually lost.
+Do not write recovered files to the source disk.
+==== PhotoRec: recovered MOV files ====
+For some recovered ''.mov'' files, PhotoRec may split the video into separate ''ftyp'' and ''mdat'' parts.
+In PhotoRec ''FileOpts'', enable:
+<code>
+[X] mov/mdat Recover mdat atom as a separate file
+</code>
+Sort recovered files by name, then try concatenating matching parts:
 <code bash>
-$ date
+cat f123_ftyp.mov f456_mdat.mov > recovered_1.mov
-Thu 02 Jan 2020 08:20:10 PM CET
+cat f456_mdat.mov f123_ftyp.mov > recovered_2.mov
-$ date | cut -c17-24
-:21:02
 </code>
-----
-=== Mount ===
+One order may produce a usable file.
-Target disk
+Sometimes the header/container part may be ''.mp4'' while the media data part is ''.mov'':
 <code bash>
-$ sudo fdisk -l
+cat f54114560.mp4 f51781632_mdat.mov > recovered.mov
-Disk /dev/sda
-[...]
-Disk /dev/sdb
-[...]
 </code>
-Create mount point
+Note: This is a recovery attempt, not a guaranteed repair method. For valuable data, stop using the disk immediately and clone/image it before experimenting.
+===== Using Apple USB SuperDrive =====
+The Apple USB SuperDrive requires a vendor-specific command to activate on non-Apple systems.
+=== Required package ===
 <code bash>
-$ sudo mkdir /media/DRIVE
+sudo apt install sg3-utils
 </code>
-Mount device
+=== Identify device ===
+Usually appears as ''/dev/sr0'':
 <code bash>
-$ sudo mount /dev/sda1 /media/DRIVE
+lsblk
 </code>
-Unmount
+=== Send activation command ===
 <code bash>
-$ sudo umount /media/DRIVE
+sudo sg_raw /dev/sr0 EA 00 00 00 00 00 01
 </code>
-[[https://linuxconfig.org/howto-mount-usb-drive-in-linux|More info]]
-----
-=== pwd ===
+The drive should become usable immediately after.
-Display Present Working Directory
+<WRAP info>
+**Note:** This command must be reissued after reconnecting the drive.
+</WRAP>
+===== QCAD (plugin location) =====
+<WRAP center round alert 60%>
+NOTE : MOVE TO BOTTOM 'MISC' SECTION AFTER REWRITE
+</WRAP>
+To locate the QCAD plugin directory:
+Go to:
+  * Help > About > Plugins (Linux / Windows)
+  * QCAD > About > Plugins (macOS)
+Click on any plugin name to reveal its file location.
+<WRAP info>
+**Note:** Useful for locating and removing plugins related to trial limitations.
+</WRAP>
+===== Screen recording =====
+==== Recommended ====
+  * **OBS Studio** → full-featured, actively maintained, works for both simple and advanced recording
+==== Lightweight alternatives ====
+  * simplescreenrecorder → lightweight, reliable on X11
+  * vokoscreenNG → simple GUI, good for quick recordings
+==== Notes ====
+  * Older tools such as Kazam or gtk-recordmydesktop are largely unmaintained and may not work reliably on modern systems
+  * Wayland sessions may require OBS or desktop-native recording tools
+===== Samba =====
+==== List available shares ====
 <code bash>
-$ pwd
+smbclient -L //host -U username
-/home/pi
 </code>
+  * ''host'' → hostname or IP of the server
+  * prompts for password
 ----
-=== tar ===
+==== Access a share (temporary mount) ====
-Pack/Unpack tarball
 <code bash>
-#All the following commands are verbose (-v)
+sudo mount -t cifs //host/share /mnt/share -o username=user
-$ tar -xvf file.tar #Unpack tar
+</code>
-$ tar -xvzf file.tar.gz #Unpack compressed (gzip) tar
-$ tar -cvf file.tar /path/folder #Pack folder into file.tar archive
+Create mount point if needed:
-$ tar -cvzf file.tar /path/folder #Same as above with compression (gzip)
+<code bash>
+sudo mkdir -p /mnt/share
 </code>
-[[https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/tar-extract-linux/|Extensive Guide]]
 ----
+==== GUI mounts (file manager) ====
+When mounting via a file manager (Nautilus, Nemo, etc.), shares are typically mounted under:
-===== List info =====
+<code>
+/run/user/UID/gvfs/
+</code>
-=== Display all information ===
+----
+==== Notes ====
+<WRAP info>
+**Notes:**
+  * ''smbclient -L'' is useful for discovery and debugging access issues
+  * ''mount -t cifs'' provides a standard way to mount shares in scripts or system configs
+  * SMB1 is deprecated and may be disabled on modern systems
+</WRAP>
+===== Alias =====
+Create an alias:
 <code bash>
-$ inxi -F
+alias name='command'
 </code>
-//Read the manual, inxi is a very powerful tool to quickly get an overview of a full hardware setup//
-=== Distrib ===
+Example:
 <code bash>
-$ lsb_release -d
+alias ll='ls -lah'
 </code>
-=== CPU ===
+Aliases are active for the current session only.
-Basic
-<code bash>
+To make them persistent, add them to:
-$ lscpu
+<code>
+~/.bashrc
 </code>
-Detailed, core-specific information, output /proc/cpuinfo
+Reload configuration:
 <code bash>
-$ cat /proc/cpuinfo
+source ~/.bashrc
+# or
+. ~/.bashrc
 </code>
-=== Mounted devices ===
+----
+==== Manage aliases ====
+List aliases:
 <code bash>
-$ df -h
+alias
 </code>
-=== Kernel ===
+Remove an alias:
 <code bash>
-$ uname -snrm
+unalias name
 </code>
-  *s : kernel name
-  *n : network node hostname
-  *r : kernel relase number
-  *m : machine hardware name
-[[ http://www.tecmint.com/useful-linux-commands-for-system-administrators/]]
+===== Mouse button mapping =====
+==== X11 method (xbindkeys) ====
+Install tools:
-=== Kernel modules ===
 <code bash>
-$ lsmod
+sudo apt install xbindkeys xvkbd
 </code>
-=== Bash history ===
+Identify button codes:
 <code bash>
-$ history
+xev | grep button
 </code>
-=== D-Bus/system bus history ===
+Create configuration:
 <code bash>
-$ gdbus
+touch ~/.xbindkeysrc
-$ g-feet //gui history
 </code>
+Example:
-=== Motherboard information ===
+<code>
-<code bash>
+# Send Enter on mouse button 8
-$ sudo dmidecode | grep -A3 ‘^System Information’
+"xvkbd -text '\r'"
+b:8
 </code>
-//dmidecode spurns out a lot of information if you want to query your system//
-=== Diagnostics & Tools ===
+Start xbindkeys:
 <code bash>
-$ uptime [load Average]
+xbindkeys
-$ dmesg -T | tail [Kernel errors]
-$ vmstat 1 [Virtual memory and detailed information]
-$ mpstat -P ALL 1 [CPU state]
-$ pidstat [processes]
-$ free -m [memory]
-$ atop [main overview]
 </code>
+----
-===== Debug & Logs =====
+<WRAP info>
+**Notes:**
-''/var/log/syslog''
+  * Works on X11 sessions only
+  * Wayland sessions generally do not support this method
+  * ''xvkbd'' simulates keypresses; alternative tools may be preferred depending on use case
+</WRAP>
-Check in ''/var/log'' which file was last changed. Use :
+==== Package management ====
+=== Fix broken packages ===
 <code bash>
-$ls -lart //inverted sorted by time. Last entry is latest modified
+sudo dpkg --configure -a
+sudo apt --fix-broken install
 </code>
+----
+===== Additional Ressources =====
+  ***[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_SysRq_key#Configuration|SysRq Keys]]** -- Best combo is ''Alt + SysRq + R E I S U B''
-===== Misc Ressources =====
+  ***[[https://www.guruadvisor.net/en/software-saas/465-advanced-linux-troubleshooting-methods-and-tools-for-diagnostics-and-problem-identification|Advanced Linux Troubleshooting]]**
-  *[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_SysRq_key#Configuration|SysRq Keys]] -- Best combo is ''Alt + SysRq + R E I S U B''
+  ***[[https://wiki.networksecuritytoolkit.org/nstwiki/index.php?title=HowTo_Create_A_GPT_Disk_With_EFI_System_And_exFAT_Partitions_Using_Parted|Creating GPT/exFAT partitions using CLI]]**
-  *[[https://www.guruadvisor.net/en/software-saas/465-advanced-linux-troubleshooting-methods-and-tools-for-diagnostics-and-problem-identification|Advanced Linux Troubleshooting]]